Environmental Ethics in the Qur’an and Modern Mining Practices: A Case Study of PT Freeport Indonesia
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.33751/injast.v7i1.50Keywords:
Caliph, Islamic ecology, mīzān, PT Freeport Indonesia, thematic interpretationAbstract
This article examines the concept of ecology in the Qur'an with an emphasis on the principles of khalifah, mīzān, amanah, and the prohibition of fasād as the basis for environmental management ethics. This study aims to assess the phenomenon of environmental damage occurring in the operational area of PT Freeport Indonesia through the perspective of Islamic ecology. The method used is qualitative research with a thematic interpretation approach, which integrates classical and contemporary interpretation studies as well as theoretical analysis of green economics and stewardship. The results show that the Qur'an not only provides normative guidelines but also an analytical framework for evaluating extractive industry practices. Various forms of environmental degradation, such as tailings management, landscape changes, and water quality deterioration, suggest a discrepancy between mining practices and the ecological ethical principles outlined in the Qur'an. These conditions reflect a disruption of the principle of balance (mīzān), the suboptimal implementation of the caliphate mandate, and the emergence of indications of structural fasād. This study affirms the relevance of thematic interpretation of the Qur'an as a critical approach in the study of Islamic ecology and sustainable natural resource management.
References
Alim, K., & Hidayat, M. R. (2024). Ekoteologi Al-Qur’an: Analisis Hermeneutika Gadamer Terhadap Konsep Khalifah dan Stewardship. Jurnal Ilmiah Studi Keislaman, 5, 147–162. https://doi.org/ttps://doi.org/10.53649/contemplate.v5i02.1029
Ammar, Z., Irwan, M., Sapridawati, Y., Diskhamarzaweny, Andriani, R., & Yulis, Y. E. (2024). Ekonomi Hijau Sebagai Strategi Pembangunan Berkelanjutan di Indonesia: Literatur Review. Jurnal Ekonomi Al-Khitmah, 6(1), 1–12. https://doi.org/10.36378/khitmah.v6i1.4050
Aulia, M. R., Hartini, H., Qudraty, M., Muzammil, A., & Tanjung, Y. W. (2025). Ekonomi Hijau: Harmonisasi Keadilan Sosial dan Lingkungan di Provinsi Aceh. Jambi: PT. Sonpedia Publishing Indonesia.
Basri, S., Adnan, Y., Widiastuty, L., Syamsul, M. A., & Indar, I. (2024). Islamic Environmental Ethics: A Cultural Framework for Sustainable Resource Management and Global Ecological Stewardship. Diversity: Disease Preventive of Research Integrity, 5, 86–93. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.24252/diversity.v5i2.52342
BBC News Indonesia. (2025). Apa yang sebenarnya terjadi pada insiden tambang bawah tanah PT Freeport? - BBC News Indonesia. www.youtube.com. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=afVcAapEMc0
Cato, M. S. (2009). Green Economics An Introduction to Theory, Policy and Practice. London: Earthscan.
Chapra, M. U. (2001). The Future of Economics: An Islamic Perspective. ISLAMIC STUDIES, 40(1):149-154. DOI: 10.52541/isiri.v40i1.5064
Dien, M. I. (2000). The Environmental Dimensions of Islam. Cambridge, UK: Lutterworth Press.
El-Habsa, I. T., Alif, M., & Al Ayubi, S. (2025). Konsep Ekoteologi Dalam Perspektif Al-Qur’an: Studi Qur’an Tematik Dengan Pendekatan Grounded Theory. Al-Zayn: Jurnal Ilmu Sosial & Hukum, 3(5), 7021–7043. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.61104/alz.v3i5.2513
Fatmawati., Abubakar, A., Sohrah, & Iswandi, H. (2025). Urgensi Implementasi Green Ekonomy terhadap Pemeliharaan Jiwa Manusia (Hifz Nafs) Perspektif Al-Qur’an. Al-Khiyar: Jurnal Bidang Muamalah Dan Ekonomi Islam, 5, 1–14. https://doi.org/10.36701/al-khiyar.v5i1.1829
Foltz, R. C., Denny, F. M., & Baharuddin, A. (2003). Islam and Ecology: A Bestowed Trust. Harvard: Harvard University Press.
Gunawan, I. (2013). Metode Penelitian Kualitatif Teori dan Praktik. Jakarta: Bumi Aksara.
Hafizah, N. (2022). Studi Eksploratif Bentuk Kerusakan Lingkungan Wilayah Pesisir Kabupaten Jembrana. Jurnal Pendidikan Geografi Undiksha, 10, 252–260. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.23887/jjpg.v10i3.47454
Hanif, K., & Azzaki, M. A. (2025). Integrasi Nilai Ekologis Al-Qur’an dalam Konsep Ekonomi Hijau Islam untuk Pembangunan Berkelanjutan. Saujana: Jurnal Perbankan Syariah Dan Ekonomi Syariah, 7, 1–18. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.59636/saujana.v7i4.340
Henri, K., Ramziati, R., & Aksa, F. N. (2023). Pelaksanaan Tanggung Jawab Perdata Perusahaan Pertambangan Terhadap Kerusakan Lingkungan (Studi Peneltian PT. Tambang Madina Madani Mining Kabupaten Mandailing Natal Provinsi Sumatera Utara). Suloh: Jurnal Fakultas Hukum Universitas Malikussaleh, 11, 131–154. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.29103/sjp.v11i1.9488
Indonesia Corruption Watch. (2018). Exacting State Loss from Freeport. Indonesia Corruption Watch. https://antikorupsi.org/en/article/exacting-state-loss-freeport#:~:text=According to the state audit,from widespread spill of mine
Katsir, I. (2000). Terjemah Tafsir Ibnu Katsir Juz 1 (B. A. Bakar (trans.)). Bandung: Sinar Baru Algensindo.
Khalid, F. M. (2002). Islam and the Environment. In: Peter Timmerman (Ed.) Social and economic dimensions of global environmental change (Volume 5). Chichester: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. pp 332–339.
Kusuma, N. R., & Ridwan, A. H. (2023). Urgensi Sistem Ekonomi Hijau Ditinjau Dari Perilaku Produsen Indonesia Dalam Perspektif Tafsir Dan Hadist. Al-‘Adalah: Jurnal Syariah Dan Hukum Islam, 8, 312–329. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.31538/adlh.v8i2.4267
Miles, M. B., Huberman, A. M., & Saldana, J. (2014). Qualitative Data Analysis A Methods Sourcebook (3rd ed.). SAGE Publications, Inc. https://www.metodos.work/wp-content/uploads/2024/01/Qualitative-Data-Analysis.pdf
Munthe, B. C. (2018). Freeport to Pay Indonesia $32 Million for Illegal Forest Use: State Auditor. Reuters. https://www.reuters.com/article/business/environment/freeport-to-pay-indonesia-32-million-for-illegal-forest-use-state-auditor-idUSKBN1OI144/
Nasr, S. H. (1996). Religion and the Order of Nature. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
PT Freeport Indonesia. (n.d.). Latar Belakang Sejarah PTFI. Retrieved November 30, 2025, from https://ptfi.co.id/id/sejarah-kami
PT Freeport Indonesia. (2017). Cerita Freeport Kembangkan Tambang Emas Bawah Tanah Terbesar di Papua. PT Freeport Indonesia. https://ptfi.co.id/id/news/detail/the-story-of-freeport-developing-the-largest-gold-underground-mine
Priatna, D., & Monk, K. A. (2023). Climate change and its implications on wildlife conservation. Indonesian Journal of Applied Environmental Studies, 4(2): 64-66. DOI: 10.33751/injast.v4i2.9661
Priatna, D., & Monk, K. A., & Khan, S. M (2025). Empowering the Planet: The 2025 Earth Day Resolution. Indonesian Journal of Applied Environmental Studies, 6(1): 1-6. DOI: https://doi.org/10.33751/injast.v6i1.9
Putri, A. F. J., Valensia, M. V., Purnama, R., & Manik, J. D. N. (2023). Dampak Kerusakan Lingkungan Biotik, Abiotik, Dan Sosial Budaya Akibat Pertambangan Timah Ilegal Di Kecamatan Mentok. SENTRI : Jurnal Riset Ilmiah, 2(10), 4473–4481. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.55681/sentri.v2i10.1689
Qurthubi, A. (2008a). Tafsir Al Qurthubi jilid 17 (M. H. Utsman (trans.)). Pustaka Azzam. https://dn790008.ca.archive.org/0/items/kitab-terjemah-ind/Tafsir Qurthubi 17.pdf
Qurthubi, A. (2008b). Tafsir Al Qurthubi Juz 1 (Fathurraahman, A. Hotib, & N. Haq (trans.)). Pustaka Azzam. https://dn790008.ca.archive.org/0/items/kitab-terjemah-ind/Tafsir Qurthubi 01.pdf
Tosepu, R. (2024). Analisis kualitas lingkungan. Ponorogo: Uwais Inspirasi Indonesia.
Riyanto, R. K., Istimeisyah, D., Arjuna, M. G. S., & Hasnakusumah, R. T. (2024). Implikasi Eksistensi UU Pertambangan Upaya Penyelesaian Permasalahan Pertambangan Ilegal (Studi Kasus Korupsi Tata Niaga Komoditas Timah di IUP PT Timah Tbk). Jurnal Ilmiah Penelitian Mahasiswa, 3, 539–552. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.61722/jipm.v2i3.193
Rosia, R., Amalia, A., Syarifah, A., Rahmawati, L., Syariah, N., & Miskiyah, Z. (2021). Pengelolaan Sumber Daya Alam Untuk Menciptakan Human Welfare (Perspektif Ekonomi Islam). Al-Hisab: Jurnal Ekonomi Islam, 1, 12–26. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.59755/alhisab.v1i2.68
Saifuddin, W. A., Al Azizah, U. S., Kaswoto, J., Febrina, I., Husain, A. S., Amin, I. A., Nurhayadi, Y., Noer, K. U., Maulana, B. H., & Busa, Y. (2025). Islamic Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Jakarta: Pustaka Islam.
Sardar, Z. (2010). Reading the Qur’an: The Contemporary Relevance of the Sacred Text of Islam. London: C. Hurst & Co.
Sari, W. P., & Mubarak, A. (2020). Efektivitas Penambangan Emas Ilegal di Kabupaten Dharmasraya. Jurnal Mahasiwa Ilmu Administrasi Publik (JMIAP), 2(2), 62–69. https://doi.org/ttps://doi.org/10.24036/jmiap.v2i2.129
Shihab, M. Q. (2005). Tafsir Al-Misbah Pesan, Kesan dan Keserasian Al-Qur’an jilid 4. Lentera Hati. https://ia801806.us.archive.org/13/items/tafsir-al-mishbah-prof-dr.-m.-quraish-shihab-/Tafsir Al-Mishbah Jilid 11 -Dr. M. Quraish Shihab-pages-deleted.pdf
Sholehuddin, L. (2021). Ekologi dan Kerusakan Lingkungan dalam Persepektif Al-Qur’an. Al-Fanar: Jurnal Ilmu Al-Qur’an Dan Tafsir, 4, 113–134. https://doi.org/10.33511/alfanar.v4n2.113-134
Sucahyo, N. (2023). Limbah Tailing Freeport Rusak Lingkungan, Hancurkan Kehidupan. VOA Indonesia. https://www.voaindonesia.com/a/limbah-tailing-freeport-rusak-lingkungan-hancurkan-kehidupan-/6943257.html
Syahadat, R. M., & Putra, R. I. S. (2022). Pemanasan Global dan Kerusakan Lingkungan: Apakah Masih Menjadi Isu Penting di Indonesia? Envirotek : Jurnal Ilmiah Teknik Lingkungan, 14, 43–50. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.33005/envirotek.v14i1.179
Syaharani, M. (2025). Freeport Libatkan Tim Ahli Eksternal Selidiki Penyebab Longsor Tambang Grasberg Artikel ini telah tayang di Katadata.co.id dengan judul “Freeport Libatkan Tim Ahli Eksternal Selidiki Penyebab Longsor Tambang Grasberg” , https://katadata.co.id/berita/energ. Katadata.Co.Id. https://katadata.co.id/berita/energi/68d6a6cf548a5/freeport-libatkan-tim-ahli-eksternal-selidiki-penyebab-longsor-tambang-grasberg
Tongkotow, E., Pati, A. B., & Posumah, D. (2023). Konflik Pada Pertambangan Emas Tanpa Izin di Kecamatan Ratatotok Kabupaten Minahasa Tenggara. 1(1), 1–14.
UNEP. (2011). Ekonomi Hijau. United Nations Environment Programme. https://www.unep.org/regions/asia-and-pacific/regional-initiatives/supporting-resource-efficiency/green-economy
Utama, A. (2025). Tujuh karyawan Freeport yang terjebak di bawah tanah dipastikan meninggal dunia – “Begitu masuk tambang bawah tanah, saya tidak pikirkan hidup-mati.” BBC News Indonesia. https://www.bbc.com/indonesia/articles/czdjgj653rqo
World Bank. (2012). Inclusive Green Growth: The Pathway to Sustainable Development. World Bank. https://doi.org/10.1596/978-0-8213-9551-6
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2026 Indonesian Journal of Applied Environmental Studies
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
